Tooth Sensitivity: What Causes It and How to Fix It

June 10, 2025 by Mills Haven Dental

Tooth sensitivity is a common and often frustrating dental issue that affects millions of Canadians. It typically presents as a sharp, sudden pain or discomfort when consuming hot, cold, sweet, or acidic foods and beverages. For some, even breathing in cold air can provoke this unpleasant sensation. With such widespread prevalence, many people wonder what triggers this sensitivity and how it can be managed. This blog will explore the common causes of tooth sensitivity, provide tips for prevention, and outline effective treatment options to help you find relief and protect your oral health.

What Is Tooth Sensitivity?

Understanding Dentin Hypersensitivity

Tooth sensitivity, or dentin hypersensitivity, refers to a sharp, sudden pain in the teeth that occurs in response to certain triggers. It happens when the protective layers of the teeth, like enamel or cementum, wear away, exposing the underlying dentin. Dentin contains tiny tubules that lead directly to the nerves of the tooth. When exposed to external stimuli, such as temperature changes or certain foods, these tubules allow sensations to reach the nerves, causing discomfort or pain.

Common triggers of tooth sensitivity include:

• Hot or cold foods and drinks, like ice cream or coffee.
• Sweet or acidic foods, such as candies or citrus fruits.
• Brushing too hard or using a toothbrush with stiff bristles.
• Teeth whitening products that may irritate the enamel.
• Breathing in cold air.

Tooth sensitivity can range from mild discomfort to significant pain, depending on the extent of dentin exposure and the severity of the underlying cause.

How Prevalent Is Tooth Sensitivity?

Tooth sensitivity is a common dental issue affecting millions worldwide.Studies show that approximately 25% of adults experience some form of dentin hypersensitivity. It’s most prevalent in individuals aged 20 to 40, though it can affect people of all ages. Women are slightly more likely to report tooth sensitivity than men.

Certain groups are at higher risk, including:

• People with receding gums, often caused by gum disease or aggressive brushing.
• Individuals who grind their teeth (bruxism) wear down enamel over time.
• Those who frequently consume acidic foods and beverages erode enamel.
• People undergoing teeth whitening treatments which a temporary increase sensitivity.

Understanding tooth sensitivity and its causes is essential for proper management and to prevent further discomfort. If sensitivity persists, consulting a dentist can help identify underlying issues and provide effective treatments.

Common Causes of Tooth Sensitivity

Enamel Erosion

Enamel is the hard, protective outer layer `of your teeth that shields the inner layers from external stimuli. Over time, enamel can wear down due to factors like consuming acidic foods and drinks (such as citrus fruits, soda, or coffee), aggressive brushing techniques, or teeth grinding, also known as bruxism. When enamel erodes, the sensitive dentin beneath is exposed, leading to discomfort when eating hot, cold, or sweet foods. Managing enamel erosion involves using a soft-bristled toothbrush, avoiding overly acidic diets, and considering treatments like fluoride toothpaste or dental sealants to strengthen existing enamel.

Gum Recession

Gum recession occurs when your gum tissue pulls back from the surface of your teeth, exposing the roots. Unlike the crown of your teeth, which is protected by enamel, the roots are covered by a softer substance called cementum, which wears down easily. Causes of gum recession include periodontal disease, overly aggressive brushing, or natural aging. When the tooth roots are exposed, nerves are more easily triggered, leading to sensitivity. Treatment options may include gum grafting, desensitizing toothpaste, or improved oral hygiene to prevent further recession.

Tooth Decay and Cavities

Tooth decay breaks down the structure of your teeth, forming cavities that can expose the inner layers where nerves are located. When this happens, sensitivity to temperature or sweets becomes common. Cavities develop when plaque builds up on your teeth and produces acids that erode enamel. Regular dental check-ups, proper brushing, and flossing can prevent decay. For existing cavities, fillings or other restorative treatments can help alleviate discomfort and protect the tooth.

Cracked or Chipped Teeth

Even the smallest cracks or chips in your teeth can expose the underlying dentin or pulp, leading to sharp pain or sensitivity, especially when chewing or consuming hot and cold foods. Cracks may result from biting down on hard objects, injuries, or grinding your teeth. Depending on the severity of the damage, treatment may involve dental bonding, crowns, or, in more severe cases, root canal therapy to address exposed nerves and prevent further damage.

Worn Fillings or Dental Work

Over time, dental fillings, crowns, or other restorations can wear down, crack, or fail, leaving the tooth vulnerable to sensitivity. When restorations no longer fit properly, they can allow bacteria to seep in, leading to decay or exposed dentin. Regular dental visits are essential for identifying failing dental work early. If sensitivity arises, your dentist may recommend replacing old restorations or applying new treatments to protect the tooth.

Post-Dental Treatment Sensitivity

It’s common to experience temporary tooth sensitivity after certain dental procedures, like cleanings, fillings, or teeth whitening. Professional cleanings may expose sensitive areas of your teeth, especially if gum recession has occurred. Whitening treatments often cause sensitivity due to the bleaching agents penetrating the enamel. While this sensitivity is usually temporary and subsides within a few days, persistent discomfort should be addressed with your dentist. Using toothpaste designed for sensitive teeth or fluoride treatments can help manage post-treatment sensitivity.

Risk Factors for Developing Sensitive Teeth

Lifestyle and Habits

Your daily choices and habits can significantly impact the sensitivity of your teeth. Here are some of the most common lifestyle-related factors: 

• Diet high in acids or sugars: Consuming acidic foods such as citrus fruits, sodas, or vinegary dressings can erode tooth enamel over time, exposing the sensitive dentin layer underneath. Similarly, a sugar-heavy diet feeds harmful bacteria in your mouth, leading to decay and increased sensitivity. 
• Smoking or tobacco use: Smoking not only weakens your gums but can also lead to gum recession, exposing the roots of your teeth. Tobacco products can exacerbate sensitivity and contribute to oral health issues like gum disease. 
• Poor oral hygiene: Irregular brushing and flossing habits allow plaque to build up, which can lead to cavities, gum disease, and exposed tooth roots—all of which heighten sensitivity. Overbrushing or using a hard-bristled toothbrush can also wear down enamel and irritate gums. 

Medical and Health Conditions

Certain medical conditions or health issues can also play a significant role in developing sensitive teeth. These include: 

• GERD (acid reflux): Conditions like GERD or acid reflux cause stomach acid to regurgitate into the mouth, eroding enamel over time and leaving teeth vulnerable to sensitivity. 
• Diabetes: People with diabetes often experience complications with oral health, including gum disease, dry mouth, and delayed wound healing, all of which can contribute to sensitive teeth. 
• Dry mouth (xerostomia): Medications or underlying health conditions that reduce saliva production can lead to dry mouth. Saliva is essential for protecting teeth by washing away food particles and neutralizing acids. Without enough saliva, enamel erosion and sensitivity are more likely. 

At-Home Care for Mild Sensitivity

If you're dealing with mild tooth sensitivity, there are several effective ways to manage it from the comfort of your home. These simple adjustments can help alleviate discomfort and protect your teeth from further sensitivity.

Desensitizing Toothpaste

Desensitizing toothpaste is specially formulated to help block the pathways that lead to tooth sensitivity. These toothpastes often contain active ingredients like potassium nitrate or stannous fluoride, which work by calming the nerves in the teeth and strengthening the enamel.

• How it works: Desensitizing toothpaste helps create a protective barrier over exposed dentin or open tubules in the teeth, reducing the sensation of pain caused by hot, cold, or sweet foods.
• How long does it take to see results: Regular use is key. Most people notice reduced sensitivity after a few days to weeks of consistent use.
• Choosing the right product: Look for toothpaste specifically labelled for sensitivity relief and approved by dental associations. Some formulas also include whitening benefits, so you can tackle sensitivity without compromising aesthetics.

Proper Brushing and Flossing Techniques

How you care for your teeth daily plays a critical role in managing sensitivity. Improper brushing or aggressive habits can wear down enamel and irritate sensitive areas.

• Use of a soft-bristled toothbrush: A soft-bristled toothbrush is gentle on your gums and enamel, reducing the risk of abrasion that can cause or worsen sensitivity.
• Avoid overbrushing or using excessive force: Brushing too hard or for too long can erode enamel. Use gentle, circular motions and aim for a brushing duration of two minutes, twice daily.
• Flossing effectively: Don’t neglect flossing, as it removes debris and plaque buildup between teeth that brushing can’t reach. Be gentle to avoid irritating sensitive gums.

Dietary Adjustments

What you eat and drink has a significant impact on your tooth sensitivity. Making smart dietary choices can reduce triggers and protect your enamel.

• Reducing acidic or sugary foods: Acidic foods and drinks, like citrus fruits, vinegar, soda, and wine, can erode enamel over time, making teeth more sensitive. Sugary items contribute to plaque buildup, which worsens sensitivity.
• Waiting 30 minutes to brush after acidic meals: Brushing immediately after eating acidic foods can cause further enamel damage because your enamel is temporarily softened. Waiting allows your saliva to neutralize acids and re-harden enamel.
• Staying hydrated: Drinking plenty of water throughout the day helps wash away harmful acids and sugars while keeping your mouth naturally balanced and hydrated.

When to See a Dentist for Tooth Sensitivity

Tooth sensitivity can be a common and manageable issue, but there are times when it may signal a more serious underlying problem that requires professional attention. If you're experiencing sensitivity that goes beyond the occasional twinge, it’s important to listen to what your teeth might be telling you. Here are some key signs that it’s time to schedule an appointment with your dentist:

Signs It’s Time to Book an Appointment

• Persistent or Worsening Sensitivity: If your tooth sensitivity doesn’t improve after using desensitizing toothpaste or trying at-home remedies, it could indicate a larger issue, such as tooth decay, enamel erosion, or gum recession. Sensitivity that lingers or worsens over time should not be ignored.
• Sensitivity That Interferes with Eating or Daily Activities: When sensitivity becomes so severe that it makes drinking coffee, eating ice cream, or even brushing your teeth uncomfortable, it’s a sign to consult a professional. This level of discomfort can affect your quality of life and may require targeted treatment.
• Accompanied by Pain, Swelling, or Bleeding Gums: If sensitivity is paired with noticeable pain, gum swelling, or bleeding, it could indicate gum disease, an infection, or a cracked or damaged tooth. These symptoms often require urgent dental care to prevent further complications.
• Visible Damage to the Teeth: Cracks, chips, or worn enamel may expose the inner layers of your teeth, leading to increased sensitivity. If you notice any visible damage, a dentist should assess the situation to determine the best course of action.

Why Early Intervention Matters

Ignoring tooth sensitivity can lead to more significant oral health problems over time. By addressing the issue early, your dentist can identify the root cause and recommend effective treatments, such as fluoride treatments, dental sealants, or even restorative procedures like bonding or crowns. Remember, regular dental check-ups are essential for maintaining a healthy smile and catching potential problems before they worsen.

Preventing Tooth Sensitivity Before It Starts

Tooth sensitivity can be uncomfortable, but the good news is that there are steps you can take to prevent it before it becomes a problem. By adopting simple daily habits and staying proactive about your oral health, you can protect your teeth and keep sensitivity at bay. Here's how:

Daily Preventive Habits

Maintaining proper oral hygiene is essential for preventing tooth sensitivity and keeping your teeth healthy: 

• Brush Twice Daily with Proper Technique: Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste, brushing gently in circular motions to avoid damaging your enamel or gums. Avoid aggressive brushing, as it can wear down enamel over time. 
• Floss Regularly: Flossing once a day removes plaque and food particles from between your teeth where your toothbrush can’t reach. This helps prevent gum disease, which can lead to sensitivity if left untreated. 

Professional Dental Care

Regular visits to your dentist are vital for maintaining healthy teeth and preventing sensitivity: 

• Schedule Regular Cleanings and Check-Ups: Dental cleanings remove tartar buildup that can lead to gum recession and enamel wear. Routine check-ups allow your dentist to catch and address small issues before they escalate. 
• Detect Problems Early: Your dentist can identify early signs of enamel erosion, gum disease, or cavities, all of which contribute to tooth sensitivity. Addressing these issues early can save you from discomfort later. 

Conclusion

Understanding the causes of sensitivity and exploring treatment options is key to managing this common issue. Enamel erosion, gum recession, or underlying dental conditions often contribute to discomfort, but the good news is that sensitivity is treatable and preventable with proper care.

Don’t ignore early signs like sharp pain or discomfort when eating hot, cold, or sweet foods. Consulting a dentist early can help identify the cause and recommend effective solutions.

With advancements in dental care, treatments like desensitizing toothpaste, fluoride treatments, and targeted solutions for severe cases are widely available. A consistent oral hygiene routine and addressing harmful habits can also help prevent sensitivity.

Sensitivity doesn’t have to disrupt your life. With the right care, you can reduce discomfort and maintain a healthy smile. Reach out to your dentist to explore the best treatment options for you.

If you're experiencing tooth sensitivity, don't wait until it becomes unbearable. At Mills Haven Dental, our team is ready to identify the cause and recommend the best solution for long-term comfort.Visit our Contact Page for more information or to book your appointment today and take the first step toward a pain-free, healthier smile.